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1998 Varieties of Disciplinarity, Interdisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity: Table - / - This table (and accompanying commentary) was originally developed from a commentary on varieties of decision-making Guiding Metaphors and Configuring Choices  (with an accompanying table Varieties of Decision-making Arenas and Styles: Table). A variant was subsequently developed as Varieties of Dialogue Arenas and Styles) (Table) Varieties of dsiciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity TABLE I  SINGLE: INTRA-PARADIGMATIC "Straight-forward" truth Relatively stable "Deciding about" Without unstated constraints Single value framework Implementation Short-term tactical concerns Technique/Science  DUAL: CROSS-PARADIGMATIC "Aggressive constraints" Relatively dynamic "Reactive decision-making" Prevalence of unstated (or secret) constraints Value polarization Extension Medium term strategic concerns Art/Techne  MULTI: INTER-PARADIGMATIC "Fuzzy constraints" Dynamically unstable "Decision-making in response to" With and without unstated constraints Multi-values / Fuzzy values Value development Anticipation Longer term strategic concerns Inspiration  META: META-PARADIGMATIC "Holistic" Turbulent "Incorporating decision-making" Neither with nor without unstated constraints Value emergence Integration/Embodiment Atemporal concerns Insight  .             SPIRITUAL RESOURCES  Realm of value/intuition  Spiritual Training / Development  Tolerance  Spiritual instruction Disseminating "the word" Structured decision-making    Arena IV Spiritual Exploration Spiritual encounters  Challenging "others"  Converting the "misguided" Pilgrimage    Arena X  Spiritual discovery "Many mansions"  Multiple "others"  Spiritual complementarity      Arena XIV  Spiritual Transformation Embodiment of patterns in transformation  Embodiment of change    Arena XVI  Group D Becoming the decision-making  (Arena XVI)    * Wisdom barrier KNOWLEDGE RESOURCES (Conceptware)  Realm of ideas/thoughts  Know-how Management Education / Training (UNESCO)  - Expertise development  - Skills development (ILO) Mass communications (UNESCO)  Dissemination of knowledge Ethical framework Indoctrination  Arena III  Innovation/Development  Applied research (R & D) Knowledge engineering  Theological encounters  (Intellectual exploitation) (Propaganda / Censorship)      Arena IX  Discovery/Invention Fundamental research  Research strategy  Lateral thinking  Syncretism  Creativity  Arena XIII  Appropriate Patterning Pattern creation  - Epistemic landscape design  - Pattern transformation  - Morphogenetic patterning Guiding metaphors  - Image schematics  - Structural archetypes  Kairos  Arena XV  Group C Transformative decision-making  (Arenas XIII - XV)          * Experience barrier  HUMAN RESOURCES (Groupware)  Realm of affects/feelings  Human Resource Management Personnel management (ILO): - Wage scales  - Hiring/firing policies  - Conditions of work  Public health/safety (ILO/WHO)  Social security (ILO) Population planning (UNFPA) Food supply (FAO/WFP)    Arena II  Social Development Dealing with demanding others:  - Competitors / Opponents  - Employee / Labour relations  - Community  - Underprivileged / Foreigners Human development  Social engineering  (Social exploitation) (Collusion/Conspiracy) (Subversion/Blackmail)  Arena VIII  Responsive Organization Mutuality in decision-making:  - Worker participation  - Self-management  - Social responsibility  - Social Charter (EEC) "Human face" development Personal development Organizational/Business ethics Inter-faith community    Arena XI  Appropriate Organization Organizational:  - Transformation  - Culture design/appropriation - Images/symbol appropriation  Symbolic decision-making  "Projet social"  Political will to change Transcendent community    Arena XII  Group B Innovative decision-making  (Arenas VIII - XII)        * Training barrier  MATERIAL RESOURCES (Hardware)  Realm of tangible artifacts/sensation  Resource Optimization Operational decision-making:  - Commerce/Trade (UNCTAD/GATT)  - Industry (UNIDO) Short-term development:  - Resource allocation  - Cost/Effectiveness  - Programmed investment Dealing/Bargaining  Calculated risk  Co-existence  Arena I  Economic Development Development (R & D)  Engineering / Architecture Medium-term development(OECD): - Financial system (G-7)  - Structural adjustment (IMF)  - Agriculture (FAO)  - Commerce/Trade (WTO) - Industry (UNIDO)  (Economic exploitation)  (Bribery / "Commissions")  Territorial encounters Arena V  Future Uncertainty Long-term investment  - Futures markets  - Risk/actuarial analysis Long-term development (UNCTAD)  Agriculture (FAO) Environmental conservation. (UNEP)      Arena VI  Material Appropriateness Apppriate technology:  - Product appropriateness  - Product design  Sustainable development (UNCED)  Sustainable eco-community        Arena VII  Group A Adaptive decision-making  (Arenas I - VII)

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