| Varieties of dsiciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity
TABLE I |
SINGLE:
INTRA-PARADIGMATIC
"Straight-forward" truth Relatively stable "Deciding about" Without
unstated constraints Single value framework Implementation Short-term tactical
concerns Technique/Science |
DUAL:
CROSS-PARADIGMATIC
"Aggressive constraints" Relatively dynamic "Reactive decision-making" Prevalence
of unstated (or secret) constraints Value polarization Extension Medium
term strategic concerns Art/Techne |
MULTI:
INTER-PARADIGMATIC
"Fuzzy constraints" Dynamically unstable "Decision-making in response to" With
and without unstated constraints Multi-values / Fuzzy values Value development
Anticipation Longer term strategic concerns Inspiration |
META:
META-PARADIGMATIC
"Holistic" Turbulent "Incorporating decision-making" Neither
with nor without unstated constraints Value emergence Integration/Embodiment
Atemporal concerns Insight |
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| SPIRITUAL
RESOURCES
Realm of value/intuition |
Spiritual
Training / Development
Tolerance
Spiritual instruction Disseminating
"the word" Structured decision-making
Arena IV |
Spiritual
Exploration
Spiritual encounters
Challenging "others"
Converting the "misguided"
Pilgrimage
Arena X |
Spiritual
discovery
"Many mansions"
Multiple "others"
Spiritual complementarity
Arena XIV |
Spiritual
Transformation
Embodiment of patterns in
transformation
Embodiment of change
Arena XVI |
Group D Becoming
the decision-making
(Arena XVI)
* Wisdom barrier |
| KNOWLEDGE
RESOURCES (Conceptware)
Realm of ideas/thoughts |
Know-how
Management
Education / Training (UNESCO)
- Expertise development
- Skills development (ILO)
Mass communications (UNESCO)
Dissemination of knowledge
Ethical framework Indoctrination
Arena III |
Innovation/Development
Applied research (R &
D) Knowledge engineering
Theological encounters
(Intellectual exploitation)
(Propaganda / Censorship)
Arena IX |
Discovery/Invention
Fundamental research
Research strategy
Lateral thinking
Syncretism
Creativity
Arena XIII |
Appropriate
Patterning
Pattern creation
- Epistemic landscape design
- Pattern transformation
- Morphogenetic patterning
Guiding metaphors
- Image schematics
- Structural archetypes
Kairos
Arena XV |
Group C Transformative
decision-making
(Arenas
XIII - XV)
* Experience barrier |
| HUMAN
RESOURCES (Groupware)
Realm of affects/feelings |
Human
Resource Management
Personnel management (ILO):
- Wage scales
- Hiring/firing policies
- Conditions of work
Public health/safety (ILO/WHO)
Social security (ILO) Population
planning (UNFPA) Food supply (FAO/WFP)
Arena II |
Social
Development
Dealing with demanding others:
- Competitors / Opponents
- Employee / Labour relations
- Community
- Underprivileged / Foreigners
Human development
Social engineering
(Social exploitation) (Collusion/Conspiracy)
(Subversion/Blackmail)
Arena VIII |
Responsive
Organization
Mutuality in decision-making:
- Worker participation
- Self-management
- Social responsibility
- Social Charter (EEC) "Human
face" development
Personal development Organizational/Business
ethics Inter-faith community
Arena XI |
Appropriate
Organization
Organizational:
- Transformation
- Culture design/appropriation
- Images/symbol appropriation
Symbolic decision-making
"Projet social"
Political will to change
Transcendent community
Arena XII |
Group B Innovative
decision-making
(Arenas
VIII - XII)
* Training barrier |
| MATERIAL
RESOURCES (Hardware)
Realm of tangible artifacts/sensation |
Resource
Optimization
Operational decision-making:
- Commerce/Trade (UNCTAD/GATT)
- Industry (UNIDO) Short-term
development:
- Resource allocation
- Cost/Effectiveness
- Programmed investment
Dealing/Bargaining
Calculated risk
Co-existence
Arena I |
Economic
Development
Development (R and D)
Engineering / Architecture
Medium-term development(OECD): - Financial system (G-7)
- Structural adjustment
(IMF)
- Agriculture (FAO)
- Commerce/Trade (WTO)
- Industry (UNIDO)
(Economic exploitation)
(Bribery / "Commissions")
Territorial encounters
Arena
V |
Future
Uncertainty
Long-term investment
- Futures markets
- Risk/actuarial analysis
Long-term development (UNCTAD)
Agriculture (FAO) Environmental
conservation. (UNEP)
Arena VI |
Material
Appropriateness
Apppriate technology:
- Product appropriateness
- Product design
Sustainable development
(UNCED)
Sustainable eco-community
Arena VII |
Group A Adaptive
decision-making
(Arenas
I - VII) |