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15th November 2003 | Draft

9-fold Higher Order Patterning of Tao Te Ching Insights

Possibilities in the mathematics of magic squares, cubes and hypercubes

-- / --


This is part of a commentary on the Tao Te Ching Interpreted Succinctly (original order) and (alternative order)
See also Commentary on Tao Te Ching Interpretation: and the possibility of higher order patterning
Navigational implications are explored in Hyperspace Clues to the Psychology of the Pattern that Connects.
Also published in modified form in Statistics, Visualizations and Patterns (Vol 5 of the Yearbook of International Organizations, K G Saur Verlag, 6th edition, 2006/2007, as section 10.2.3). Further developed in 9-fold Magic Square Pattern of Tao Te Ching Insights experimentally associated with the 81 insights of the T'ai Hsüan Ching


Experimental presentation

Table 1: The basis for the following table of the 81 insights of the Tao Te Ching is discussed in a separate commentary. The rows of the table provide 9 groups in terms of the conventional ordering in the Tao Te Ching. The columns of the table provide 9 different groups in terms of the alternative ordering represented by those columns.

Tabular presentation of the 81 insights of the Tao Te Ching
  a b c d e f g h i
I 1: Journeying through unnaming the myriad patterns of the past 2: Engaging without engaging 3: Cultivating non-engagement 4: Having been there; having done that 5: Engendering through complementarity 6: Completing 7: Enduring 8: Easing forward, going wherever, without competition 9: Avoiding excess
II 10: Centering through learning 11: Benefiting from what is not 12: Sensing the inner 13: Governing others appropriately 14: Living the present 15: Subtly stilling to clarify the troubled 16: Accepting wisely the enduring cycle of beginning and ending 17: Acting simply, enabling others to value their own initiatives 18: Failing to exalt merit
III 19: Being untroubled through needing little and wanting less 20: Living uncertainty, confusion and strangeness 21: Knowing the strange uncertainties offered in the moment 22: Acting contrarily 23: Being in the moment 24: Avoiding disproportion and self-satisfaction 25: Following the unnamable 26: Becoming insightful through assiduous handling of obligations 27: Educating the challenged as the inspiration of the wise
IV 28: Knowing the other, and retaining one's identity and quality 29: Doing "nothing" to the world 30: Leading through inspiration that does not seek to win 31: Using weapons, when there is no choice, with a calm, still mind 32: Knowing when to cease making essential distinctions 33: Applying to oneself the skills developed successfully to deal with others 34: Achieving greatness without great doings 35: Holding fast to the eternal process through the very ordinary 36: Prevailing through weakness
V 37: Self-organizing of myriad things 38: Abiding in letting go and doing nothing 39: Enwholing to sustain the integrity of the subtle 40: Returning from weakness 41: Understanding appropriateness 42: Losing as the key to the cycle of winning and losing 43: Ensubtling to enliven the impenetrable 44: Self-constraining fruitfully 45: Remaining calm and clear to ensure that the capacity for appropriateness is renewed
VI 46: Knowing that enough is enough 47: Understanding the truth and opportunity of the moment 48: Unlearning 49: Enminding the world to see the ordinary through the eyes of children 50: Living in recognition that this implies dying 51: Nurturing life according to natural processes 52: Understanding insignificant beginnings 53: Ensuring modesty 54: Ensuring that rules for oneself are consistent with those for the world
VII 55: Knowing harmony as knowing the eternal 56: Knowing that discourages talking 57: Avoiding instrumental thinking, initiation of innovative change and regulation of action 58: Bumbling on without forcing 59: Gathering insight to ensure staying power 60: Allowing potentially disruptive forces to have their place 61: Lying low to ensure integrity and continuity 62: Honoring the appropriate as a gift 63: Focusing on the challenge of beginnings
VIII 64: Attending to what may have been neglected in the achievement of undertakings 65: Being in ignorance of appropriate action 66: Following rather than leading 67: Leading the mightiest by not presuming to do so 68: Avoiding competition 69: Yielding to antagonism 70: Being obscure 71: Knowing without knowing 72: Fearing the dangers of acting inappropriately
IX 73: Acting silently, non-competitively, and non-directively 74: Avoiding the presumptuousness of usurping the judgement on others 75: Living for more than the pursuit of wealth 76: Bending in response to pressure 77: Redistributing from those who have to those who have not 78: Recognizing the counter-intuitive, paradoxical nature of appropriate action 79: Fulfilling obligations 80: Enjoying the freedom of movement in relation to what is to hand 81: Doing without outdoing

Magic squares

Table 2: The basis for the following table of the 81 insights of the Tao Te Ching is discussed in a separate commentary. It is an experiment in the organization of these insights into clusters. The table is made up of 9 nested tables (each of 9 cells). Each nested table corresponds to one of the rows from Table 1 above -- each row above being transformed into a nested table of 3x3 cells below. Note that the insight numbers in each row total to 369, as do the insight numbers in each column.

Magic square presentation of the 81 insights of the Tao Te Ching
71: Knowing without knowing 64: Attending to what may have been neglected in the achievement of undertakings 69: Yielding to antagonism   8: Easing forward, going wherever, without competition 1: Journeying through unnaming the myriad patterns of the past 6: Completing   53: Ensuring modesty 46: Knowing that enough is enough 51: Nurturing life according to natural processes
66: Following rather than leading 68: Avoiding competition 70: Being obscure   3: Cultivating non-engagement 5: Engendering through complementarity 7: Enduring   48: Unlearning 50: Living in recognition that this implies dying 52: Understanding insignificant beginnings
67: Leading the mightiest by not presuming to do so 72: Fearing the dangers of acting inappropriately 65: Being in ignorance of appropriate action   4: Having been there; having done that 9: Avoiding excess 2: Engaging without engaging   49: Enminding the world to see the ordinary through the eyes of children 54: Ensuring that rules for oneself are consistent with those for the world 47: Understanding the truth and opportunity of the moment
 

8:204

     

1:15

     

6:150

 
26: Becoming insightful through assiduous handling of obligations 19: Being untroubled through needing little and wanting less 24: Avoiding disproportion and self-satisfaction   44: Self-constraining fruitfully 37: Self-organizing of myriad things 42: Losing as the key to the cycle of winning and losing   62: Honoring the appropriate as a gift 55: Knowing harmony as knowing the eternal 60: Allowing potentially disruptive forces to have their place
21: Knowing the strange uncertainties offered in the moment 23: Being in the moment 25: Following the unnamable   39: Enwholing to sustain the integrity of the subtle 41: Understanding appropriateness 43: Ensubtling to enliven the impenetrable   57: Avoiding instrumental thinking, initiation of innovative change and regulation of action 59: Gathering insight to ensure staying power 61: Lying low to ensure integrity and continuity
22: Acting contrarily 27: Educating the challenged as the inspiration of the wise 20: Living uncertainty, confusion and strangeness   40: Returning from weakness 45: Remaining calm and clear to ensure that the capacity for appropriateness is renewed 38: Abiding in letting go and doing nothing   58: Bumbling on without forcing 63: Focusing on the challenge of beginnings 56: Knowing that discourages talking
 

3:69

     

5:123

     

7:177

 
35: Holding fast to the eternal process through the very ordinary 28: Knowing the other, and retaining one's identity and quality 33: Applying to oneself the skills developed successfully to deal with others   80: Enjoying the freedom of movement in relation to what is to hand 73: Acting silently, non-competitively, and non-directively 78: Recognizing the counter-intuitive, paradoxical nature of appropriate action   17: Acting simply, enabling others to value their own initiatives

10: Centering through learning

15: Subtly stilling to clarify the troubled
30: Lading through inspiration that does not seek to win 32: Knowing when to cease making essential distinctions 34: Achieving greatness without great doings   75: Living for more than the pursuit of wealth 77: Redistributing from those who have to those who have not 79: Fulfilling obligations   12: Sensing the inner 14: Living the present 16: Accepting wisely the enduring cycle of beginning and ending
31: Using weapons, when there is no choice, with a calm, still mind 36: Prevailing through weakness 29: Doing "nothing" to the world   76: Bending in response to pressure 81: Doing without outdoing 74: Avoiding the presumptuousness of usurping the judgement on others   13: Governing others appropriately 18: Failing to exalt merit 11: Benefiting from what is not
 

4:96

     

9:231

     

2:42

 

As a further experiment in organization, the insights were clustered according to the mathematical principle of the magic square (see Table 2). The structure of Table 2 is best understood by considering the first row of 9 insights (1 to 9) in Table 1. These 9 appear as the central nested table in the top row of 3 nested tables in Table 2. The 9 in that nested table are however presented in an order based on the structure of what is known in mathematics as a magic square -- -- namely the numbers of the insights (of the conventional ordering in the Tao Te Ching), whatever the direction of addition, whether vertically (8+3+4; 1+5+9; 6+7+2), horizontally (8+1+6; 3+5+7; 4+9+2), or diagonally (8+5+2; 4+5+6), total in each case to 15 (as indicated there as 1:15). Similarly if the numbers of each row are multiplied (8x1x6; 3x5x7; 4x9x2) they together total to 225 -- as do those of the columns (8x3x4; 1x5x9; 6x7x2).

In such a square the numbers of the first 9 insights (1 to 9) (of the conventional ordering in the Tao Te Ching), whatever the direction of addition, whether vertically (8+3+4; 1+5+9; 6+7+2), horizontally (8+1+6; 3+5+7; 4+9+2), or diagonally (8+5+2; 4+5+6), total in each case to 15 (as indicated there as 1:15). Similarly if the numbers of each row are multiplied (8x1x6; 3x5x7; 4x9x2) they together total to 225 -- as do those of the columns (8x3x4; 1x5x9; 6x7x2).

This is an adaptation of the Lo-Shu order known in classical China. In the table as a whole, the 9 nested tables have been positioned in a manner corresponding to this same order. Thus the first row of nested tables in Table 2 (above) groups the contents of rows 8, 1 and 6 respectively from Table 1 (namely rows marked there as VIII, I, and VI), the second groups 3, 5 and 7, with the third grouping 4, 9 and 2. The principle of the magic square is discussed elsewhere (notably by Alan Grogono), together with its long history dating back to 2800 BC [more | more | more | more].

The Lo Shu is the only magic square of order 3. Namely there is just one 3x3 magic square -- although with rotations and reflections, there are eight variations of what is essentially the same square. An associative magic square of order n is one for which every pair of numbers symmetrically opposite the center sum to n2+1. The Lo Shu square is associative -- but is not a panmagic square for which all the diagonals --including the broken diagonals obtained by "wrapping around" the edges -- total like the rows and columns.

Just as the magic square total for the first 3x3 nested table is 15 (indicated above in Table 2 as 1:15), each other 3x3 nested table gives rise to its own total (indicated beneath it, eg 4:96, 9:231, and 2:42). The 9 such totals from each nested table also constitute a magic square -- with a total figure of 369. As might be expected, if the table as a whole is treated as a 9x9 magic square, the total is also 369.

Interesting patterns can be generated from magic squares when the numbers of the squares are replaced by symmetric symbols.

Pan-magic squares

Mathematically a "continuous" ("pan-magic", pan-diagonal, Nasik or Jaina) square has the additional property that even the broken diagonals add to the same total as those of the magic square. It was long supposed that a 9x9 pan-magic square did not exist, but one such based on the 81 numbers 0 to 80 is reported by Alan Grogono [more]. He explains this early belief as probably due to the absence of any obvious pattern to use to create a regular 9x9 square. Constructing a square by expanding a 3x3 square indeed produces a magic square as in Table 2 but not a pan-magic one. In addition, amongst odd-order pan-magic squares, most interest has been focused on the regular prime number squares. These lent themselves to analysis more readily and to calculation of the number of regular pan-magic squares which could be constructed with an underlying pattern.

Grogono argues that the analysis (and construction) of magic squares is more logical, and the results make more sense, when the smallest number is 0 -- instead of 1. This would imply that a 9x9 square of the Tao Te Ching insights should run from 0 to 80 instead of from 1 to 81. This would not affect the pattern of Table 2, provided that the rows from which it was derived in Table 1 were then renumbered from 0 to 8 (instead of from I to IX).

Of further interest, however, is to use the 9x9 pan-magic square order discovered by Grogono to redistribute the 81 insights. There is an interesting clue to the relevance of renumbering the first insight from 1 to 0 -- in the text of that first insight itself.

Given the properties of the pan-magic square, in this case the row containing 0 (the insight traditionally numbered 1) in his case was shifted to the central position (and checked in the online facility he provides to ensure that it remained a pan-magic square). This gives the following (Table 3a) from which the ordering in Table 3b was then produced -- retaining the numbering of the insights in Table 1 (namely 0 in Table 3a is 1 in Table 3b, in order to correspond to Table 1).

In 1999 Dan Washburn made the point that "The vastu-purusha-mandala is a square of 81 subsquares with 9 subsquares on each side. Take a Lo Shu magic sqaure of 3 and place a Lo Shu magic square of 3 in each of its 9 subsquares and you have a 9 x 9 square of 81 subsquares. So the vastu-purusha-mandala is the Lo Shu square squared, or seen in more detail." According to Vini Nathan (Vastu Purusha Mandala: Beyond Building Codes, Nexus Network Journal, vol. 4, no. 3, Summer 2002), The Vastu purusha mandala has been defined as "a collection of rules which attempt to facilitate the translation of theological concepts into architectural form." This law of proportions and rhythmic ordering of elements not only found full expression in temples, but extended to residential and urban planning as well. He argues that the influence of the Vastu purusha mandala extended beyond building activity to encompass the cultural milieu as well.

Note that the insight numbers in each row now total to 360 (instead of 369, as in Table 2), as do the insight numbers in each column.

Table 3a: Distribution of 81 numbers according to 9x9 pan-magic pattern (as discovered by Alan Grogono)
36 51 30 65 80 59 10 25 4
64 79 58 9 24 3 38 53 32
23 2 17 49 28 43 75 54 69
48 27 42 77 56 71 22 1 16
76 55 70 21 0 15 50 29 44
8 14 20 34 40 46 60 66 72
33 39 45 62 68 74 7 13 19
61 67 73 6 12 18 35 41 47
11 26 5 37 52 31 63 78 57

Note that the insight numbers in each row in the table below now total to 369 (as in Table 2, and in contrast to the 360 of Table 3a), as do the insight numbers in each column). In addition the total of the insight numbers in any 3x3 nested square (even across highlighting) also total to 369 -- whereas those of the 3x3 nested squares (even those highlighted) in Table 2 are not equal (although those of the central 3x3 square only do indeed total to 369). Note that the difference of 9 between 360 and 369 derives from the difference in insight numbering from 0-80 against 1-81 (giving a difference of 9, whether in row or column totals). (NB: Versions in drafts dated prior to 15 November contained two errors in the following table).

Table 3b: Application of pan-magic pattern to order 81 insights of Tao Te Ching
37: Self-organizing of myriad things 52: Understanding insignificant beginnings 31: Using weapons, when there is no choice, with a calm, still mind 66: Following rather than leading 81: Doing without outdoing 60: Allowing potentially disruptive forces to have their place 11: Benefiting from what is not 26: Becoming insightful through assiduous handling of obligations 5: Engendering through complementarity
65: Being in ignorance of appropriate action 80: Enjoying the freedom of movement in relation to what is to hand 59: Gathering insight to ensure staying power 10: Centering through learning 25: Following the unnamable 4: Having been there; having done that 39: Enwholing to sustain the integrity of the subtle 54: Ensuring that rules for oneself are consistent with those for the world 33: Applying to oneself the skills developed successfully to deal with others
24: Avoiding disproportion and self-satisfaction 3: Cultivating non-engagement 18: Failing to exalt merit 50: Living in recognition that this implies dying 29: Doing "nothing" to the world 44: Self-constraining fruitfully 76: Bending in response to pressure 55: Knowing harmony as knowing the eternal 70: Being obscure
49: Enminding the world to see the ordinary through the eyes of children 28: Knowing the other, and retaining one's identity and quality 43: Ensubtling to enliven the impenetrable 78: Recognizing the counter-intuitive, paradoxical nature of appropriate action 57: Avoiding instrumental thinking, initiation of innovative change and regulation of action 72: Fearing the dangers of acting inappropriately 23: Being in the moment 2: Engaging without engaging 17: Acting simply, enabling others to value their own initiatives
77: Redistributing from those who have to those who have not 56: Knowing that discourages talking 71: Knowing without knowing 22: Acting contrarily 1: Journeying through unnaming the myriad patterns of the past 16: Accepting wisely the enduring cycle of beginning and ending 51: Nurturing life according to natural processes 30: Leading through inspiration that does not seek to win 45: Remaining calm and clear to ensure that the capacity for appropriateness is renewed
9: Avoiding excess 15: Subtly stilling to clarify the troubled 21: Knowing the strange uncertainties offered in the moment 35: Holding fast to the eternal process through the very ordinary 41: Understanding appropriateness 47: Understanding the truth and opportunity of the moment 61: Lying low to ensure integrity and continuity 67: Leading the mightiest by not presuming to do so 73: Acting silently, non-competitively, and non-directively
34: Achieving greatness without great doings 40: Returning from weakness 46: Knowing that enough is enough 63: Focusing on the challenge of beginnings 69: Yielding to antagonism 75: Living for more than the pursuit of wealth 8: Easing forward, going wherever, without competition 14: Living the present 20: Living uncertainty, confusion and strangeness
62: Honoring the appropriate as a gift 68: Avoiding competition 74: Avoiding the presumptuousness of usurping the judgement on others 7: Enduring 13: Governing others appropriately 19: Being untroubled through needing little and wanting less 36: Prevailing through weakness 42: Losing as the key to the cycle of winning and losing 48: Unlearning
12: Sensing the inner 27: Educating the challenged as the inspiration of the wise 6: Completing 38: Abiding in letting go and doing nothing 53: Ensuring modesty 32: Knowing when to cease making essential distinctions 64: Attending to what may have been neglected in the achievement of undertakings 79: Fulfilling obligations 58: Bumbling on without forcing

Bimagic squares

Mathematically a magic square is bimagic (or 2-multimagic) if it remains "magic" after each of its numbers have been squared -- a bimagic square thus has the additional property that if each number in the square is multiplied by itself (squared, or raised to the second power) the resulting row, column, and diagonal sums are also magic. Bimagic squares are a subset of the class of multimagic squares; it is believed that no bimagic squares of order less than 8 exists (Benson and Jacoby 1976). The original 3x3 Lo Shu square is far from being bimagic, since the sums of the squared numbers (of the rows or columns) vary between 77 and 107. The discoverer of the first bimagic square, G. Pfeffermann later published in Les Tablettes du Chercheur (15 July 1891) the first 9th-order bimagic square. In the case of the examples of bimagic squares based on 9x9 in Table 4 (below), the rows and columns sum to 369 as before. But if each number is squared, the sum is then 20,049.

Table 4: Magic squares from which bimagic squares can be generated
43 51 29 66 80 58 14 19 9
26 4 12 46 36 41 78 56 70
63 68 73 2 16 24 31 39 53
76 57 71 27 5 10 47 34 42
32 37 54 61 69 74 3 17 22
15 20 7 44 49 30 64 81 59
1 18 23 33 38 52 62 67 75
65 79 60 13 21 8 45 50 28
48 35 40 77 55 72 25 6 11

22

3

81

42

34

47

17

59

64

37

54

15

71

76

57

32

20

7

33

38

8

55

72

77

52

13

21

68

73

43

12

26

4

63

51

29

2

16

58

46

41

36

24

66

80

53

31

19

78

56

70

39

9

14

61

69

30

5

10

27

74

44

49

75

62

50

25

6

11

67

28

45

18

23

65

35

48

40

1

79

60

28 13 9 59 66 79 51 44 20
50 8 19 81 58 65 43 30 5
11 77 70 42 46 35 4 27 57
75 33 53 22 2 18 68 61 37
6 72 56 34 41 48 26 10 76
45 21 14 64 80 60 29 49 7
25 55 78 47 36 40 12 5 71
67 52 39 17 24 1 63 74 32
62 38 31 3 16 23 73 69 54
G. Pfeffermann: the first 9th-order bimagic square (Les Tablettes du Chercheur, 15 July 1891) J. R. Hendricks (Bimagic Squares: Order 9, Dec. 1999). David M. Collison (1991)

Most-perfect magic squares

A special type of pan-diagonal magic square is characterized as most-perfect [more]. An example of a 12x12 most-perfect magic square is provided by Ian Stewart [more]. The numbers in every 2x2 square sum to 286. More generally every 2 x 2 block of cells (including wrap-around) sum to 2T (where T= n2 + 1). Any pair of integers distant ** along a diagonal sum to T.

Magic cubes

There are extensive resources on magic cubes and hypercubes [notably Harvey Heinz and Marián Trenkler] that may offer even more powerful ways of organizing the 81 insights. A magic cube is a three-dimensional version of the magic square in which the rows, columns, pillars (or "files"), and four space diagonals each sum to a single number known as the magic constant. If the cross section diagonals also sum to that constant, the magic cube is called a perfect magic cube; if they do not, the cube is called a semiperfect magic cube, or sometimes an Andrews cube (Gardner 1988). A pandiagonal cube is a perfect or semiperfect magic cube which is magic not only along the main space diagonals, but also on the broken space diagonals [more]. In a panmagic square, in addition to the main diagonals, the broken diagonals also sum to the magic constant.

Harvey Heinz (Magic Cubes - Introduction, 2003) has reviewed the variety of, often confusing, definitions and features of "magic cubes" (see also his Magic Cubes Definitions, which includes a discussion of cube features) and has allocated them to distinct classes according to the types of parts that must sum correctly for the more advanced cubes. His classes may be summarized here as:

Heinz notes that a magic cube is called normal if it consists of the numbers 1 to m3 (or 0 to m3 - 1). A magic cube is called associated if all pairs of two numbers diametrically equidistant from the center of the cube equal the sum of the first and last number in the series. If the associated cube (or other dimension of hypercube) is an odd order, then the center of the cube is a cell containing one half the sum of the first and last number in the series.

Heinz provides a generalized definition as follows: A hypercube of dimension n is perfect if all pan-n-agonals sum correctly, and all lower dimension hypercubes contained in it are perfect! He also provides spreadsheets for testing them. Heinz has collaborated with J. R. Hendricks to produce a A Unified Classification system for Magic Cubes (Journal of Recreational Mathematics, 2002).

The relationship of the 81 tetragrams of the Taoist classic Tai Hsuan Ching (or Tài Xuán Jïng) and the Tao Te Ching has most recently been explored in relationship to modern physics by Tony Smith (I Ching (Ho Tu and Lo Shu), Genetic Code, Tai Hsuan Ching, and the D4-D5-E6-E7-E8 VoDou Physics Model ). According to Smith:

To construct the Tai Hsuan Ching, consider the Magic Square sequence as a line 3 8 4 9 5 1 6 2 7 with central 5 and opposite pairs at equal distances. If you try to make that, or a multiple of it, into a 9x9 Magic Square whose central number is the central number 41 of 9x9 = 81 = 40+1+40, you will fail because 41 is not a multiple of 5.

However, since 365 = 5x73 is the central number of 729 = 364+1+364, you can make a 9x9x9 Magic Cube with 9x9x9 = 729 entries, each 9x9 square of which is a Magic Square. The Magic Cube of the Tai Hsaun Ching gives the same sum for all lines parallel to an edge, and for all diagonals containing the central entry. The central number of the Magic Cube, 365....

The total number for each line is 3,285 = 219 x 15. The total of all numbers is 266,085 = 5,913 x 45.

Since 729 is the smallest odd number greater than 1 that is both a cubic number and a square number, the 729 entries of the 9x9x9 Magic Cube with central entry 365 can be rearranged to form a 27x27 Magic Square with 729 entries and central entry 365. 27 = 3x3x3 = 13+1+13 is a cubic number with central number 14, and there is a 3x3x3 Magic Cube with central entry 14 (14 is the dimension of the exceptional Lie algebra G2) and sum 42...

The I Ching is based on hexagrams of binary lines. Tony Smith, in his discussion of the Tai Hsuan Ching of ternary line tetragrams "arranged in T'ien" (as in the table below), the ternary numbers are given "plus 1", since the ternary numbers go from 0 to 80 (as indicated by Grogono above) instead of from 1 to 81 (see further discussion in 9-fold Magic Square Pattern of Tao Te Ching Insights experimentally associated with the 81 insights of the T'ai Hsüan Ching).

Ternary line tetragrams "arranged in T'ien"
73 64 55 46 37 28 19 10 1
74 65 56 47 38 29 20 11 2
75 66 57 48 39 30 21 12 3
76 67 58 49 40 31 22 13 4
77 68 59 50 41 32 23 14 5
78 69 60 51 42 33 24 15 6
79 70 61 52 43 34 25 16 7
80 71 62 53 44 35 26 17 8
81 72 63 54 45 36 27 18 9

This ternary number arrangement, according to Tony Smith, is similar to the Fu Xi binary number arrangement of the I Ching. This is not a magic square arrangement.

Magic hypercubes

A magic tesseract is a four-dimensional generalization of the two-dimensional magic square and the three-dimensional magic cube. Harvey Heinz defines a 4-dimensional hypercube (or tesseract) as perfect if all pan-quadragonals are correct, and all the magic squares and magic cubes within it are perfect. This means that the magic squares are all pandiagonal and the magic cubes are all pantriagonal and pandiagonal. There are 40m2 lines that sum correctly. They are m3 rows, m3 columns, m3 pillars, m3 files, 8m3 quadragonals, 16m3 triagonals, and 12m3 diagonals. Furthermore, a magic hypercube of any dimension n is perfect if all pan-n-agonals sum correctly, and all lower dimension hypercubes contained in it are perfect!

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