21st August 2006 | Uncompleted
Lemniscate and Relationship Modelling
a politically relevant psycho-spiritual metaphor?
-- / --
Cassini(an) oval
From
The
Experimental Mathematician:
The Pleasure of Discovery and the Role of Proof,
by Jonathan M. Borwein --
From
N. H. Abel on
Elliptic Functions:
Problems of Division and Reduction,
by Henrik Kragh SØrensen --
From
Algebraic Symmetries
I,
Fall 1999 Lectures on
The Practice of Mathematics
by Robert P. Langlands --
After Gauss and before Langlands came, of course, Abel.
For an excellent account of how Abel followed up Gauss's hint on the lemniscate, see Henrik Kragh SØrensen's
Niels Henrik Abel and the Theory of Equations.
Related material --
Arithmetic-Geometric Mean (MathWorld)
Gauss's Constant (MathWorld)
Lemniscate (MathWorld)
Lemniscate Function (MathWorld)
Lemniscate Constant (MathWorld)
Gauss's Lemniscate Constant (Mathsoft)
Gauss's Lemniscate Constant References (Mathsoft)
Elliptic Curves and Modular Forms (A Classical Introduction)
"Abel's Theorem on the Lemniscate," by Michael Rosen,
American Mathematical Monthly 88 (1981) No. 6, 387-395
Cassini(an) oval
quartic last updated: 2005-01-06 Given two foci F1(-1,0) and F2(1,0), you can distinguish two polar coordinates, with respect to each of the foci. The curve for which the product of this two polar radii is a constant, is the Cassinian oval 1). The curve can be generalized to the Cassinian curve. The French astronomer Giovanni Dominico Cassini (1625-1712) found the curves in 1680, while attempting to describe the movement of the earth relative to the sun. He believed the orbit of the earth was a cassinoid, with the sun in one focus. Malfatti studied the curve in 1781. For the curve the product of distances to the two focal points is a constant. This definition resembles the definition of the ellipse, with a product instead of an addition. That's why the curve has also been given the name of the Cassini(an) ellipse. The curve is also named a cassinoid. The name Cassini has been given to the pilotless spaceship that is right now on his way to the planet Saturn. The curve is a bicircular quartic 2), and an anallagmatic curve In polar coordinates the curve is written as: The value of the variable named a determines the form of the oval: for a > 1, we see one curve, for a < 1 two egg-shaped forms. For a < 2, the oval is squeezed in the middle, for a > 2, the curve goes towards a circle. The curve is a spiric section, for which the distance from the plane that forms the curve to the axis of the torus is equal to its inner radius. For a=4 the curve is a Mandelbrot lemsniscate (n=2). When the variable a is equal to one, the last term in the polar formula vanishes: with (0, ± 1/Ö2) as foci. The resulting curve is the lemniscate or lemniscate of Bernoulli. In 1694 Jacob Bernoulli (1654-1705) wrote an article in Acta Eruditorum about the curve, and he gave it the name of 'lemniscus' 3). He didn't know that 14 years earlier Cassini had already described the more general case of the Cassini ovals. More properties of the lemniscate were found by Fagnano in 1750. Research of Gauss and Euler on the length of the arc of the curve led to the elliptic functions. In 1797 Gauss wrote in his diary: "lemniscata geometrice in quinque partes dividitur", describing his discovery how do divide the lemniscate in five equal parts by ruler and compass. Knowing nothing about this diary, Abel found this himself, from the remark of Gauss in his Disquisitiones Arithmeticae about the broadening of the principles of the polygon-construction laws to transcendental functions. Abel formulated his findings more general as the following theorem: The lemniscate can be divided into n equal parts with ruler and compass if n = 2a p1 p2 .. pi where the pi are distinct Fermat primes 4). A Lemniscate constant L appears, which has the same meaning as the p for the circle: 2 L is the length of the lemniscate's arc. L is about 2.6221 and can also be written as ½ G2(¼)/Ö2p, using the gamma function. For this calculation often the following formula for the lemniscate is used: ds = dr / Ö(1 - r4). Because the curve is the inverse of an equilateral hyperbola, it is also called the hyperbolic lemniscate. In fact, the curve is also the pedal of this hyperbola variant. The lemniscate can be seen as a special case of the: hippopede sinusoidal spiral generalized cissoid The lemniscate is the cissoid of two equal circles, where the distance from the center to the center of the circle is Ö2 times the circle's radius. Watt's curve: the length of the rod and the distance between the circle's centers are equal, and the length of the rod is Ö2 times the radius of the circle) Besides: the curve is the inverse of the rectangular hyperbola the curve is the envelope of circles with their centers on a rectangular hyperbola where each circle has a point on the hyperbola's center Maybe the infinity sign ¥ has been derived from the lemniscate, as this curve is also going round infinitely. Lemniscate is also the name of the longest composition of Western music, made by Simeon ten Holt (30 hours). A lemniscate is a nice logo, e.g. used by the Dutch publisher 'Lemniscaat' (well-known by his child books). A three-dimensional variation on the lemniscate is the Möbius strip. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- notes 1) In Italian: ovali di Cassini, or ovali cassiniane 2) with Cartesian equation: ((x+1)2+y2)((x-1)2+y2)=a2 which leads to: (x2+y2)2 + 2x2 - 2y2 = b, with b=a2 -1 3) Lemniskos (Gr.) = ribbon 4) See Rosen 1981 p. 387-395.
The official logo of the conference. The logo is inspired by Abel's illustration of the lemniscate, published in Crelle's Journal. One of only three known illustrations by Abel in print.
The original to the right.
[http://www.math.uio.no/abel/conference/logo.htmlThe Magician
I
This is the second card of the Major Arcana and is numbered I. It represents the higher male divine essence, the Godforce. The Magician is the spiritual father of the young soul.
A young man stands before an altar. On the altar are a Wand, a Cup, a Sword, and a Pentacle. These items represent the four Elements (Earth, Air, Fire, and Water), as well as the Minor Arcana. His right hand holds a wand and is pointed to the heavens; his left hand points to the Earth. This is a card of manifestation, of drawing the essence of the universe and manifesting it on the physical plane. Above the man's head is the figure 8 turned on its side, (the cosmic lemniscate -- symbol of eternal life and dominion. This figure represents the interaction between the conscious and subconscious, between idea and feeling, between desire and emotion.
The man is clothed in magickal robes of white and red. Around his waist is the symbol for eternity -- a snake devouring its tail. Featured prominently on the card are vines and roses. The roses above him represent desire. The roses below him represent abstract thought. The white robes represent purity; the red represent desire and action. This card represents creation and action on a higher plane. It can also represent aid from higher sources such as spirit guides or divine beings. This aid often is linked to career or issues of authority.
Steven H. Cullinane. From Lemniscate to Langlands Web excerpts compiled by on January 17, 2004 [text]
Abelian Functions and their Difference between Man and Beast [text]
Kent D. Palmer. Intertwining of Duality and Nonduality. [text]
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